ON THE MOVE AGAIN : (Activities) CHAPTER-22 (EVS-V)

 

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NOTES: ON THE MOVE AGAIN - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES- V (CHAPTER -22)

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ON THE MOVE AGAIN - ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES CBSE-V from Research Scholar

MEIOSIS AND REDUCTION DIVISION - TEXT

MEIOSIS ANDREDUCTION DIVISION

BIOLOGY

You have learnt  that meiosis is the reduction division and occurs in the germ cells that produce gamets. Majot difference between mitosis and meiosis is in the number of chromosomes in daughter cells. 

In mitosis, daughter cells have exactly the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell while, in meiosis the daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes of mother cell.

Daughter cells formed by meiotic division lead to the formation of male of female gametes. Each gamete has half the number of chrosomes of mother cell. During fertilization, the gametes fuse to form zygote. 

In zygote has two sets of chromosomes – one from the male parent (sperm)  and other from female parent (ovum). Zygote develops into an organism by repeated mitotic divisions.

A CELL with only one set of chromosomes is called a haploid cell. As the number of chromosomes in the daughter cell are reduced by half, meiosis is also called reduction dividsion. In general, the male and female gametes are haploid cells.

In majority of organisms, each cell has two sets of chromosomes are passed in to the two daughter cells. However, in meisosis only one of the two sets of chromosomes is passed on to each of the daughter.

During meiosis nucleus divides twice- these division are called meiosis-I and meiosis-II. In meiosis-I the daughter cells receive only one set of chromosomes that is reduction in the number of chromosomes occurs in meiosis-I.

MEIOSIS-II is a simple mitotic division which occurs immediately after meiosis-I. daughter cells of meiosis-I divide into a second generation of daughter cells- there are total four daughter cells each of with only one set chromosomes of four hploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis.

Meiosis –I This occurs in 5  stages .1. Prophase  2. Metaphase    3. Anaphase-I  4. Telophase-I  and cytokinesis-I.

1. Prophase  - number of changes occur in the cell during prophase-I. to und prophase-I is divided into five sub-stages. They are leptotene, zygotene, pacheytene, diplotene,and diakinesis. Chromatin in the nucleus of the mother cell condenses and forms chromosomes. 

Following this, chromosomes start pairing. Each pair has two identical chromosomes. One chromosome of the pair is derived from the father and the ofther from the mother. In this stage, appear like letter’X’. this is called crossing over the chromosomes move towards the centre of the cell. Centrioles also move to the opposite ends over to the cell and  spindle fibre formation begins. Nucler envelope and nuleous disappear.

Metaphase-I

Chromosomeal movement is completed. Chromosomes lie in the centre of the cell in the form pf plate- called quatorial plate. Some of the spindle fibres are attached to the centromere of the chromosome and rest of the spindle fibres attach to the centrosome of the opposite end of the cell.

Anaphase-I

Length of spindle fibres is reduced. As a result chromosome are pulled apart. Each chromosomes splits into two sister  chromosomes. Each sister chromosomes has a segment of chromatid derived from mother cell and the father cell. Chromosome move towards opposite end of the cell.

Telophase-I

Chromosomal movement towards opposite poles of the cells completed. Spindle fibres disappear.  Nuclear envelope reappears around chromosomes and the nucleus is also formed again. With these meiosis-I is completed and the diploid parental cells has given rise to daughters cells with haploid 

numbers of chromosomes.

This is the second division nuceus in meiosis. Haploid daughter cells formed in meiosis-I participate in this division and as parental cells. They divide to produce two haploid daughter cells each. Before dividing, chromosomal number of the haploid cell doubles. As the end of meiosis-II four haploid daughter cells are formed. meiosis-II also proceeds in stages – prophase-II  2. Metaphas--II 3. Anaphase-II  4. Telophase-II  and cytokinesis-II .

This division is similar to mitotic division.. you may refer the chapter on mitosis for the change in the cell that occur in this division and for the process of cell division.

Points to remember-

During meiosis, only one set of chromosomes are passed on to the daughter cells. Hence daughter cells have hald the number of the chromosomes of the mother cell.

In meiosis , karyokinesi and cytokinesis occur two times.

Chromosomes number is not doubled during meiosis-I . during this division, the chromosomes number is reduced by half. The diploid mother cell gives to two haploid daughter cells.

Prophase-I of meiosis is divided into five sub-stages.

Before  meiosis-II, chromosomes number is doubled and the haploid mother cell gives rise to two haploid daughter cells.

The events in meiosis-II are similar to mitotic division.

Crossing over of chromosomes occur during meiosis.

THANKYOU,

NANDITHA AKUNURI

ON THE MOVE AGAIN- TEXT

ON THE MOVE AGAIN

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

CBSE-V

Dhanu’sDhanu’s village

Today all the relatives have come to Dhanu’s house to celebrate Dushera. They have come with their luggage in their bullockcarts. Dhanu’s father is the eldest in the family.

So all the festivals are celebrated at their house. Dhanu’s mother (aai ), mother’s brother’s wife (mami ) and father’s brother’s wife (kaki ) are busy making puranpoli (sweet rotis made from jaggery and gram).

Alongwith this a spicy kadi dish is also made. The day passes in laughing and chatting. But by evening everyone’s mood changes. The women and children begin to pack their luggage.

The men sit down with the mukadam (agent who lends money) for the meeting. The mukadam gives the details of the loan taken by each family.

Then the talks for the next few months begin. The mukadam explains to the villagers in which areas they would go for the next six months. He also gives them some money as loan, for their expenses. Ever since Dhanu remembers, this has been the routine.

Families like Dhanu’s work on the lands of big farmers till Dushera, before the rainy season. Many other families also work on such lands. They earn just enough money to keep them going through these months.

But how to manage the remaining six months, when there is no rain, and no work in the fields? So, everyone borrows mone from the mukadam. To pay back this money, they have to work for the mukadam. Mukadam is an agent for sugarcane factories. He helps them to find work in sugarcane fields.

In the next few months, Dhanu, his parents, his kaka (father’s brother) and his two elder children, his mama, mami and their two daughters, and forty-fifty other families from the village will stay away from home.

In these six months, Dhanu and many children like him will not be able to go to school. Dhanu’s old grandmother, aunt who cannot see, and two-month old cousin sister would stay back in the village.

In other homes too the old and the ill people stay behind. Dhanu misses his grandmother a lot. Dhanu always keeps wondering  who will take care of his grandmother! But, what can Dhanu do?

After Dushera:

The caravan of these families would now settle near the sugarcane fields and sugar factories. For six months they would stay in their huts made of dry sugarcane and its leaves.

The men will get up early in the morning and go to cut sugarcanes in the fields. The women and children tie the bundles of sugarcane. Then the bundles are taken to the sugar factory.

Dhanu often goes with his father. Sometimes, they spend nights outside the factory on bullock-carts. There, Dhanu plays with the bullocks and wanders around.

At the factory, Dhanu’s father gets the sugarcane weighed and takes a receipt (a note to say how much sugarcane they have given). They show this receipt to the agent who then keeps an account of their loan.

The agent also gives them some money for the next week’s expenses. Then Dhanu’s aai and mami take thechildren to the nearby village market, to buy atta (flour) and oil for the next week.

Sometimes mami buys laddoos or some sweets for the children. She also buys pencils, an eraser and a notebook for Dhanu. After all he is mami’s favorite! But Dhanu won’t be using these for six months, because he won’t be going to school.

Mami wants Dhanu to study and become somebody in life. She does not want Dhanu to move around with his family like this. mama and mami tell Dhanu’s parents, “Next time when we leave our village after Dushera we will leave Dhanu with his dadi and chachi.

He will go to school like the other children in the village. He should continue

his studies. He should study further and become somebody.”

THANKYOU,

NANDITHA AKUNURI

A SHELTER SO HIGH!-TEXT

A SHELTER SO HIGH!

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

CBSE-V

I am Gaurav Jani and this is ‘Loner ’ – my partner – my motorcycle.

But, Loner is never lonely. We are together all the time. I and my motorcycle wait for a chance to get away from the busy, crowded and noisy city of Mumbai. We like to travel to different parts of this wonderful country. Let me tell you about our amazing journey on the highest roads in India.

Getting ready

This journey took about two months. I had to carry everything on my motorcycle. I had to plan and collect all the things I needed. I packed a small tent, sleeping bag, plastic sheet, warm clothes and food that would remain fresh for some days. I also took my camera and extra cans for petrol. Loner and I left Mumbai, passing through small villages and towns of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan to reach Delhi.

It took me three days to cover 1400 kilometers from Mumbai to Delhi. I was hoping to see something new and different in Delhi. But Delhi looked just like Mumbai! I am tired of looking at the same kinds of houses, made of cement, bricks, glass and steel. I was looking forward to my journey ahead.

I was excited that I would be able to see wooden houses, houses

with sloping roofs and those covered in snow. I had seen pictures of such houses in many books.

I packed more things in Delhi and continued. In two days we were in Manali. It was so refreshing to be in the mountains and breathe the clean air! Now the real journey was to begin. We had to travel through difficult roads of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to reach Leh in Ladakh.

New home

Loner and I were covering long distances each day. All I needed was food and a tent to protect myself from the cold night air. My nylon tent was so small that I could just about fit in it to sleep.

Loner stood guard outside the tent. The breeze and the sound of the birds woke me up to see the sunrise.

Cold desert

At last Loner and I reached Leh. For the first time I saw such an area – high, dry and flat called a cold desert. Ladakh gets very little rainfall. Here there are high snowcapped mountains and a cold, flat ground.

In Leh, I found myself in a quiet street with beautiful white houses. As I rode slowly, I found that I was being followed by a group of children. They called out ‘jule, jule’, meaning ‘welcome, welcome’. They were all amazed to see my ‘Loner’. Everyone wanted me to come to their home.

At home with Tashi

Tashi dragged me to his home. It was a building with two floors. The house was made of stones which were kept one over the other. The walls were coated with a thick layer of mud and lime.

The house looked like a shed from inside with a lot of hay stored there. We took the wooden steps and reached the first floor. “This is where we stay,” explained Tashi.

“The ground floor is for our animals and for storing necessary things.

Sometimes when it gets too cold, we also move downstairs.” I noticed that the ground floor had no windows. Thick tree trunks were used to make the

roof strong.

Tashi then took me to the roof of his house. What a view! I could see the same flat roofs all around. On some red chillies were, laid out to dry and on some there were orange pumpkins and golden yellow corn. Some had stacks of paddy and on some cow dung cakes were laid out to dry.

“This is the most important part of our house,” said Tashi. “During summer season we dry many fruits and vegetables. We store them for winters when we do not get fresh fruits and vegetables.”

As I stood there with Tashi I could see how every part of the house was built specially to suit the needs of his people. I could understand how the thick walls, a wooden floor and a wooden ceiling protected them from the cold.

People living on top of the world

Now was the time to climb higher. Loner had a tough time zigzagging along narrow, rocky mountain roads. At many places there were no roads at all.

I was moving towards the rocky plains of ‘Changthang’. This place is at a height of almost 5000 metres. It is so high that it is difficult to breathe normally. I had a headache and felt weak.

Then I slowly got used to breathing in such air. For many days we kept wandering in this area with not a single human being in sight. No petrol pumps, no mechanics!

Only clear blue sky and many beautiful lakes around. Many days and nights passed. Loner and I kept moving ahead. Suddenly one morning I saw before me flat grassy land. Many sheep and goats were grazing there. Far in the distance I saw some tents. I wondered who lived there and what they were doing in this far out place.

The Changpa

There I met Namgyal and came to know about the Changpa – a tribe

living on the mountains. The Changpa tribe has only about 5000 people. The Changpas are always on the move with their goats and sheep.

 It is from these that they get all that they need – milk, meat, skin for tents and wool for coats and sweaters. Their goats are their only treasure. If a family has more animals it is considered more rich and important.

From these special goats they get wool for making the world famous pashmina wool. The Changpa graze their goats at higher and colder places so that the goats have more and softer hair (fur).

They stay high up on these mountains in very difficult conditions because that is where these goats can live. This is their life and their livelihood.

I was carrying very little of my belongings on my motorcycle.

But the Changpas carry everything that they own on their horses and yaks. It takes them only two and a half hours to pack everything and move ahead. Within no time they put up their tents at the chosen place, the luggage is unpacked and their homes are ready.

“You are most welcome into our home,” said Namgyal as he led me to the big cone-shaped tent. They call their tent Rebo. Yak hair is woven to make strips which are stitched together.

These are strong and warm and protect them from the icy strong winds. I saw that the strips were tightly tied with nine sticks. The ground is dug about 2 feet deep. The tent is then put up around this on the higher part of the ground.

The world famous pashmina

It is believed that a pashmina shawl is as warm as six sweaters! It is very thin yet very warm.

The goats from which the soft pashmina wool is collected, are found on very high altitudes of

5000 metres. In winter, the temperature here drops below 0°C (–40°C). A coat of warm hair

grows on the goat’s body which protects it from extreme cold. The goats shed some of their hair

(fur) in summer.

This hair is so fine that six of these would be as thick as one hair of yours! The fine hair cannot be woven on machines and so weavers of Kashmir make these shawls by hand. This is a long and difficult process. After almost 250 hours of weaving, one plain pashmina shawl is made. Imagine how long it would take to make a shawl with embroidery.

As we stepped into the tent I realised that I could stand up straight. It was not like my tent. I also saw that the Rebo was as big as a room of my flat in Mumbai! It was held up by two wooden poles in the middle.

There was an opening to let out the smoke from the chulah. Namgyal told that, the design of this tent is more than a thousand years old. The tent protected the Changpas from extreme cold.

How cold must it be? In winters the temperature drops many degrees below zero! The wind blows at 70 kilometres per hour. Imagine–if you were on a bus which was going at this speed, how far from your house would you reach in one hour? Near the Rebo there was a place to keep sheep and goats.

Changpas call this lekha. The walls of a lekha are made with stones. Each family puts a special mark on their own animals. The women and young girls count and take the animals out of the lekha. They count them again everyday when they bring them back in the evening.

Towards Srinagar

I spent a few days with the Changpas but, sadly, it was time to move on. My return journey would take me away from this special part of the world, towards towns which looked like a totally different world.

This time I took a different route from Leh. I was going towards Srinagar via Kargil. I saw many more amazing buildings and different houses.

I stayed in Srinagar for a few days. I was amazed by the houses there. They took my heart away! Some houses are on the mountains, while some are on water. I took many pictures of these. See my photo album .

Houses of Srinagar – My photo album

Tourists who come to Srinagar love to stay in houseboats. Houseboats can be as long as 80 feet and around 8 to 9 feet wide. Beautiful carving.

Many families in Srinagar live in a ‘donga’. These boats can be seen in Dal Lake and Jhelum river. From inside the ‘donga’ is just like a house with different rooms.

Beautiful carving on wood can be seen on the ceiling of houseboats and some big houses. This design is called ‘khatamband’, which has a pattern that look like a jigsaw puzzle.

In villages of Kashmir, houses are made from stones cut and kept one on top of the other and coated with mud. Wood is also used. The  houses have sloping roofs.

Some old houses have a special type of window which comes out of the wall. This is called ‘dab’. It has beautiful wood pattern. It is wonderful to sit here and enjoy the view!

When I started my journey, I had not imagined that in one state I would see so many different kinds of houses and lifestyles. I had a wonderful experience of living on the mountains in Leh and another of living on water in Srinagar. I saw how both the houses in these areas were made to suit the climate.

Return journey

Again it was time to move on. In Jammu I saw houses like I have

been seeing in Mumbai. The same– cement, brick, steel and glass. These houses are very strong. But they are not as special as the houses I was lucky to see in Leh and Srinagar. After a long journey Loner and I were about to reach Mumbai. My heart felt heavy. I also felt that my motorcycle did not want to come back.

I was happy that I had learnt and experienced so many new things. I had also brought back some memories in my camera. And of course, this was not the end!

Next time when Loner and I get bored of the city, we will again set out for a new journey!

THANKYOU

NANDITHA AKUNURI

NANDITHA IN MUMBAI-(TEXT)

NANDITHA IN MUMBAI

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

CBSE-IV

I came to Mumbai a month ago. Since we came, mother has been admitted in the hospital. We had to come to Mumbai for her treatment.

The Big City – Mumbai!

I have slowly got used to the city. I still remember the day when mother and I got off the train at the Mumbai station. It was so crowded! I quickly caught hold of mother’s hand. I was thinking about how Mama would find us in the crowd.

Just then, I heard someone calling loudly from behind, “Nandita, Nandita.” I turned back, and there was Mama. We left the station and were soon on our way to Mama’s house. But, again, it was so crowded everywhere.

There were many huts lined all along the narrow street. We went through the street to reach Mama’s house. Mama, Mami, their two daughters and a son – all live in one room. Now, I too live here with them.

It is here that we sit, sleep, cook and wash – all in one room. My house in the village also has only one room, but we have separate places for cooking and for bathing. We also have a courtyard outside.

Water- Water

Mami, Seema and I get up at 4 o’clock every morning and go to the public-tap to fill water. Oh no! You won’t believe how many fights there are for water. If we are just a little late, then we are not able to fill water for the day.

There is no tap in our house in the village too. The pond in the village has water. It takes twenty minutes to walk to it. In summer, sometimes, the water in the pond dries up. Then we have to walk for almost one hour to the river to get water. But in the village, there were no fights for water.

In the street where Mama lives, there is a toilet at one end. Everyone in the street uses that toilet. It is always very dirty and smells so bad. At first, it used to make me want to vomit.

At times, there is no water. We have to take water with us. Now I am getting used to all this. In the village, people go to the open places or fields for toilet. The men and women go to different places.

Learning New Things

Everyday I go to the hospital by bus to see my mother. At first, I was too scared to get into such crowded buses. I was not at all used to it. I was afraid.

But now, it is not like that. I know how to stand in line, how much to pay for the ticket, where to get down. Where we stay, there is a tall building nearby.

My Mami works in seven houses there. She washes utensils and cleans the houses. One day I went there with her. When I first saw the building, I thought that it was one big house. But I found that there were many houses, one on top of another. I was wondering how I would climb so many stairs, but there was a lift to take people up and down.

It was like a big iron cage with fan and light and even a bell. So many of us got into the lift. Somebody pressed the button and lift went up quickly. To tell you the truth, I was very scared in the beginning.

Another House

Mami took me first to Babloo’s house. His house was on the twelfth floor. What a big house! So many rooms – one to sit in, one to eat in, one to sleep in, and one to cook in.

Their toilet was also in the house! It took Mami a lot of time to clean Babloo’s house, but she could work easily. There was a tap in the kitchen and water flowed from it.

Babloo put a bucket under the tap to fill water for his bath. Then he sat down to watch TV. So much water was wasted – I did not like it. I went

and closed the tap.

Babloo’s house had big glass windows. Mami told me to look down from the window. I could see Mama’s street and the houses, but I could not make out which was his house. From up there, everything below looked like small toys. I was quite afraid to look down from such a height.

A New Worry

Mama had said that he would take me around to see Mumbai . The children around here talk a lot about Chowpatti.

They say that big film stars also live there. May be when I go there, I might see a film star! These days, Mama is so worried – I cannot ask him to take me to Chowpatti.

Last week some people had come with a notice that everyone should move out of this place. They say a big hotel will be built there.

Mama was saying that this is the third time in the last ten years that he got such notices. People who live here have been given another place to make their houses.  But it is very far away another corner of the city.

There is no drinking water, no electricity. I don’t even know if any bus goes there. How will Mama reach his work place from so far? How much money will he have to spend, and how much time also.

And Mami, will she get some other work there! If Mama moves to a new place, how will I be able to visit my mother? Mother is not even completely well as yet!

THANK YOU,

NANDITHA

WORK WE DO-TEXT

WORK WE DO

HERE COMES ALETTER

ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES

Like other days, Balbir reached the tea stall after his breakfast. His brother Satvinder who had come from the village was also with him. The worker at the tea stall gave him a cup of tea and said – Here is today’s newpaper. How do you spend your whole day sitting here? Don't you get

bored – asked Satvinder.

Oh no! One does not realise how the time flies. Look at that group of children. As usual, they are late for school. Everyone is running ! The teacher is also late today. Oh! it seems her sandal has broken. She is going to Jaggu Bhai, to get it repaired.

 It’s good for him, he will get some money early in the morning.

Champa is sitting there with her basket full of flowers. The lady working in the post-office buys flowers from her everyday. The construction work has started again.

The truck is bringing materials. The workers will again be busy the whole day. Look there, the doctor and the nurse are entering the hospital together.

See Ramulu with his fruita – cart. These days he also brings Chinamma with him. Chinamma runs around – delivers fruits and collects money.

Nanu, the barber has laid out his shop – but whom will he shave?

Right in the middle of the crossing stands Iqbal Singh. Throughout the day, he blows his whistle and keeps shouting – move your vehicle from here, whee _ _ ee _ _ ee _ _, Hey, have you not heard me _ _ take the cart away.

Doctor these are doctors they work in hospital. They treat and examine patients.

Policeman: These are policeman they work in police station. They catch theifs.

Teachers: teachers are work in school. We learn many things from our teacher.

Nurses: they work in hospitals. They gave vaccination and ingestions.

Farmers: they work in fields. Grow vegetables and crops.

Barber: barber cut our hair.

Soldiers are army man: They works on the border of our country. Provide security & safety from the enemies of our country.

Post man: he works in post office. He deliver letter, money-orders, and speedposts.

Lawyers: they work in courts. they were black color dress.

Deepali is also one such girl who does not go to school. Let us read about her, Deepali is the eldest child in her family. Her father sells vegetables. He leaves for the mandi very early in the morning. Her mother washes utensils in some houses.

She also leaves for work early in the morning. Deepali cooks food for her brothers and sisters. She cleans the house and also washes the utensils. She is very fond of listening to the radio.

She listens to songs while she works. After finishing the work at home she goes to leave her brother with their father. She then takes her younger sisters, Suman and Sheila to school.

After that Deepali helps her mother in her work. In the afternoon, she brings her brother and sisters back home. In the evening she plays with other children in the neighbourhood.

 Her mother comes back home late in the evening. Deepali helps her mother cook dinner for the family. Her father comes home very late at night.

At night Deepali loves to lie in bed and read her sister's school books. She has studied upto class three. Three years back when her little brother was born she had to stay back home to take care of him. She could not study any more. She feels that reading books helps her to relax. Given a chance, even today, she would like to go back to school.

THANK YOU,

N.NANDITHA