TEXT : RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS CLASS-VII CBSE

   RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS

CLASS-VII CBSE

One day Boojho was eagerly waiting to meet his grandparents who were coming to the town after a year. He was in a real hurry as he wanted to receive them at the bus-stop. He ran fast and reached the bus-stop in a few minutes. He was breathing rapidly. His grandmother asked him why he was breathing so fast. Boojho told her that he came running all the way. But the question got stuck in his mind. He wondered why running makes a person breathe faster. The answer to Boojho’s question lies in understanding why we breathe. Breathing is a part of respiration. Let us learn about respiration. 

                 

WHY DO WE RESPIRE? In Chapter 2 you learnt that all organisms are made of small microscopic units called cells. A cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism. Each cell of an organism performs certain functions such as nutrition, transport, excretion and reproduction. To perform these functions, the cell needs energy. Even when we are eating, sleeping or reading we require energy. But, where does this energy come from? Can you say why your parents insist that you should eat regularly? The food has stored energy, which is released during respiration. 

                     

Therefore, all living organisms respire to get energy from food. During breathing, we breathe in air. You know that air contains oxygen. We breathe out air which is rich in carbon dioxide. The air we breathe in is transported to all parts of the body and ultimately to each cell. In the cells, oxygen in the air helps in the breakdown of food. The process of breakdown of food in the cell with the release of energy is called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all organisms. In the cell, the food (glucose) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water using oxygen. When breakdown of glucose occurs with the use of oxygen it is called aerobic respiration. 

                   

 Food can also be broken down, without using oxygen. This is called anaerobic respiration. Breakdown of food releases energy. Human beings and many other animals undergo aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide and water are also released in aerobic respiration. 

               

You should know that there are some organisms such as yeast that can survive in the absence of air. They are called anaerobes. They get energy through anaerobic respiration. In the absence of oxygen, glucose breaks down into alcohol and carbon dioxide, as given below: in the absence of oxygen Glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy. 

           

Our muscle cells can also respire anaerobically, but only for a short time, when there is a temporary deficiency of oxygen. During heavy exercise, fast running (Fig. 10.1), cycling, walking for many hours or heavy weight lifting, the demand for energy is high. But the supply of oxygen to produce the energy is limited. Then anaerobic respiration takes places in the muscle cells to fulfil the demand of energy: 

Have you ever wondered why you get muscle cramps after heavy exercise? The cramps occur when muscle cells respire anaerobically. The partial breakdown of glucose produces lactic acid. The accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps. We get relief from cramps after a hot water bath or a massage. Can you guess why it is so? Hot water bath or massage improves circulation of blood. As a result, the supply of oxygen to the muscle cells increases. The increase in the supply of oxygen results in the complete breakdown of lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water. 

             

BREATHING

Breathing means taking in air rich in oxygen and giving out air rich in carbon dioxide with the help of respiratory organs. The taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body is called inhalation and giving out of air rich in carbon dioxide is known as exhalation. It is a continuous process which goes on all the time and throughout the life of an organism. 

                         

The number of times a person breathes in a minute is termed as the breathing rate. During breathing inhalation and exhalation take place alternately. A breath means one inhalation plus one exhalation. As a result more oxygen is supplied to our cells. It speeds up the breakdown of food and more energy is released. 

       

A breath can be defined as an inhalation followed by an exhalation. Inhalation is the process of taking the air that contains oxygen inside the body. Exhalation is a process of releasing out air that contains carbon dioxide out of the body. Inhalation and exhalation take place alternatively in the breathing process. 

                         

HOW DO WE BREATHE? 

Let us now learn about the mechanism of breathing. Normally we take in air through our nostrils. When we inhale air, it passes through our nostrils into the nasal cavity. From the nasal cavity, the air reaches our lungs through the windpipe. Lungs are present in the chest cavity. This cavity is surrounded by ribs on the sides. A large, muscular sheet called diaphragm forms the floor of the chest cavity. Breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm and the rib cage. 

                   

We take in the air present in the environment through our nostrils which travels through the nasal cavity. Then it moves through the windpipe and reaches the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest cavity which is surrounded by the ribs. On the floor of the chest cavity lays a muscle sheet called diaphragm. The lungs when releasing out air from the body which brings back the diaphragm and the ribs to their original positions. 

                           

During inhalation, ribs move up and outwards and diaphragm moves down. This movement increases space in our chest cavity and air rushes into the lungs. The lungs get filled with air. During exhalation, ribs move down and inwards, while diaphragm moves up to its former position. This reduces the size of the chest cavity and air is pushed out of the lungs. These movements in our body can be felt easily. Take a deep breath. Keep your palm on the abdomen, feel the movement of abdomen. What do you find? 

                      

To understand the expansion of the lungs, pull the rubbber sheet from the base downwards and watch the alloons. Next, push the rubber/plastic sheet up and observe the balloons. Did you see any changes in the balloons? What do the balloons in this model represent? What does the rubber sheet represent? Now, you should be able to explain the mechanism of breathing.

                     

Breathing rate can be defined as the number of times a person breathes in a minute is called as breathing rate. An average adult human being breeds 15 to 18 times in a minute. While exercising, this rate can change up to 25 times a minute. 

                            

WHAT DO WE BREATHE OUT?

When you inhale (breathe in), air enters your lungs and oxygen from the air moves from your lungs to your blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from your blood to the lungs and is exhaled (breathe out). This process is called gas exchange and is essential to life. 

                              

As we inhale the air present in the surroundings sometimes various unwanted elements such as smoke and dust are also included in it. However, they get stuck in the hair in our nostrils but some of them can get through the nasal cavity.They thus cause irritation in the nasal cavity which makes us sneeze. 

                        

This helps in getting rid of the unwanted particles out of the nasal cavity.

BREATHING IN OTHER ORGANISMS 

Many animals have just cavities in their bodies just like human beings for example lions, elephants, goats, cows, snakes and birds. 

                      

Breathing in cockroach:  A cockroach has small openings on the sides of its body. Other insects also have similar openings. These openings are called spiracles. Insects have a network of air tubes called tracheae for gas exchange. Oxygen rich air rushes through spiracles into the tracheal tubes, diffuses into the body tissue, and reaches every cell of the body. Similarly, carbon dioxide from the cells goes into the tracheal tubes and moves out through spiracles. These air tubes or tracheae are found only in insects and not in any other group of animals. 

                     

Earthworm: Recall from Chapter 9 of Class VI that earthworms breathe through their skins. The skin of an earthworm feels moist and slimy on touching. Gases can easily pass through them. Though frogs have a pair of lungs like human beings, they can also breathe through their skin, which is moist and slippery.

                     

BREATHING UNDER WATER 

Can we breathe and survive in water? There are many organisms which live in water. How do they breathe under water? You have studied in Class VI that gills in fish help them to use oxygen dissolved in water. Gills are projections of the skin. You may wonder how gills help in breathing. Gills are well supplied with blood vessels for exchange of gases. 

                     

DO PLANTS ALSO RESPIRE? 

Like other living organisms, plants also respire for their survival as you have learnt in Class VI. They also take in oxygen from the air and give out carbon dioxide. In the cells oxygen is used to break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water as in other organisms. 

                           

In plants each part can independently take in oxygen from the air and give out carbon dioxide. You have already learnt in Chapter 1 that the leaves of the plants have tiny pores called stomata for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 

                       

Like all other living cells of the plants, the root cells also need oxygen to generate energy. Roots take up air from the air spaces present between the soil particles Can you guess what would happen if a potted plant is overwatered? In this chapter you learnt that respiration is a vital biological process. All living organisms need to respire to get the energy needed for their survival process. All living organisms need to respire to get the energy needed 

for their survival.

TEXT: TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS - CLASS-VII CBSE

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS

CLASS-VII CBSE 

In plants, transport system is not complicated as in animals. Transport of water and minerals. Plants absorb water and minerals by the roots. The roots have root hair. The root hair increase the surface area of the root for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients dissolved in water. The root hair is in contact with the water present between the soil particles. 

Can you guess how water moves from the root to the leaves? What kind of transport system is present in plants? Well, Boojho is right. Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from the soil. The vessels are made of special cells, forming the vascular tissue. A tissue is a group of cells that perform specialised function in an organism. The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called the xylem. The xylem forms a continuous network of channels that connects roots to the leaves through the stem and branches and thus transports water to the entire plant. 

                          

You know that leaves synthesise food. The food has to be transported to all parts of the plant. This is done by the vascular tissue called the phloem. Thus, xylem and phloem transport substances in plants. The transport system in plants consists of bundles of tubes in the stem, branches and roots. These tubes are called xylem and phloem. The main function of xylem is to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to rest of the plant body. 

                 

Transport of substance in plants:

To circulate water, essential nutrients, excretory products, and gases within the plants for various purposes, transportation in plants is necessary. In vascular tissues, this transportation in the plant takes place. By a suction force, water and minerals are transported to various parts of the plant. 

                          

Plants absorb water and minerals by the roots. The roots have root hair. The root hair increase the surface area of the root for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients dissolved in water. The root hair is in contact with the water present between the soil particles. 

In plants, there are pipe-like vessels through which water and minerals can enter the plants. These vessels are made up of elongated cells and thick walls. A group of cells forms a tissue that performs a specialized function within the organisms. These are conducting tissues. These conducting tissues are divided into two types which are xylem and phloem. 

           

Xylem: It is a vascular tissue that spreads from the top to bottom of the plant. For the transport of water molecules, it helps a lot. It also plays a vital role in the case of dissolved substances from the root hairs to aerial parts of the plant. It transfers water in one direction. Commonly, xylem occupies the central part of the vascular bundle. 

              

Phloem: It is also vascular tissue. In a plant where the necessity of food molecules is there, the use of the phloem transportation process will take place.
           

The food manufactured in the leaves is transported to different parts of the plant. This transpiration of food material from leaves to the others parts of plant is carried out by the tissue called phloem and process transport food material is called translocation. The phloem consists of those vessels known as sieve tubes. Xylem and phloem together form the vascular or connective tissue. 

Transpiration: Transpiration is a process that involves loss of water vapour through the stomata of plants. Transpiration is thought to be a 'necessary cost or evil' to allow the plant to absorb water from the soil. It is an inevitable process. 

                      

Transpiration is important in plants for three major reasons: Cooling of the plant: the loss of water vapour from the plant cools down the plant when the weather is very hot. 

The transpirational pull: when the plant loses water through transpiration from the leaves, water and mineral salts from the stem and roots moves, or is `pulled', upwards into the leaves. Water and is therefore taken up from the soil by osmosis and finally exits the plants through the stomata. 

                  

Plant structure: young plants or plants without woody stems require water for structural support. Transpiration helps maintain the turgidity in plants. 

                       

Conclusion:

Plants absorb mineral nutrients and water from the soil. Not all the water absorbed is utilised by the plant. The water evaporates through the stomata present on the surface of the leaves by the process of transpiration. The evaporation of water from leaves generates a suction pull (the same that you produce when you suck water through a straw) which can pull water to great heights in the tall trees. Transpiration also cools the plant.

GOOGLE FORM WORKSHEET: REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

 

SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES SCIENCE CLASS-VI CBSE - TEXT

SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES 

SCIENCE 

CLASS-VI CBSE 

I n our daily life, there are many instances when we notice a substance being separated from a mixture of materials. Tea leaves are separated from the liquid with a strainer, while preparing tea. Grain is separated from stalks, while harvesting. Milk or curd is churned to separate the butter. As we learned in Chapter 3, we gin cotton to separate its seeds from the fibre 

     

Perhaps you might have eaten salted daliya or poha. If you found that it had chillies in it, you may have carefully taken them out before eating. Suppose you are given a basket containing mangoes and guavas and asked to separate them. What would you do? Pick out one kind and place them in a separate container, right? Seems easy, but what if the materials than mango or guava? Imagine you are given a glass of sand with salt mixed in it. Impossible, even to think of separating salt from this mixture by picking out grains of sand by hand! 

The process with its purpose and the way separated components are used? We see that, before we use a substance, we need to separate harmful or non-useful substances that may be mixed with it. Sometimes, we separate even useful components if we need to use them separately. The substances to be separated may be particles of different sizes or materials. These may be in any three states of matter i.e., solid, liquid or gas. So, how do we separate substances mixed together if they have so many different properties? 

          

METHODS OF SEPARATION: We will discuss some simple methods of separating substances that are mixed together. You may come across some of these methods being used in day to day activities. 

Homogeneous mixtures :Mixture in which the particles of the substance present cannot be seen are called homogeneous mixtures. For example, solution of sugar and water, air, cold drinks.

               

Heterogeneous mixtures: Mixture in which particles of the substances present can be seen easily are called heterogeneous mixtures. For example, water in oil, dust in air.

             

Solution: When a soluble substance is dissolved completely in a liquid (say sugar in water). A homogeneous mixture is formed. It is known as solution.

                              

Saturated solution: A solution in which no more soluble substance can be dissolved at room temperature is called saturated solution.

                                   

Need for separation: We carry out the separation of the components of a mixture or an impure substance with the following purposes :

(i) To remove the unuseful or harmful component.

(ii) To obtain the useful component.

(iii) To remove impurities for getting a pure sample.

             

Principle of separation

1. The substances present in a mixture retain their original properties like particle size, density, melting point, boiling point, volatility, etc.

2. We use the difference in anyone of these properties in the components of a mixture to separate them. 

Methods of separation: Hand picking, winnowing, sieving, magnetic separation, sedimentation, decantation, loading, filtration, evaporation, sublimation, distillation, churning, etc. are some common methods of separation. 

Handpicking: This method is used for separating small particles of dirt, stone, husk etc. from the grains of wheat, rice, pulses, etc. 

       

Sieving: You might have seen your mother use a sieve to separate impurities and bran from flour before using it. The separation techniques of sieving are mainly used in a flour mill to separate impurities from wheat before grinding it. Sieving removes impurities like stones, stalk, and husk that still remain after threshing and winnowing. The sieve only removes particles of impurities that are larger than the pores in the sieve. Therefore, we can design the sieve according to our need. (i) Sieving is used when two component of a mixture have different particle size. (ii) Sieving allows the fine particles to pass through the holes of the sieve, while the bigger particles remain on the sieve. For examples, sieving of wheat flour, sieving of sand at construction sites. 

               

Winnowing: Winnowing can be used to separate lighter and heavier components of a mixture. For example : to separate husk from grain with the help of air. Winnowing is used to separate lighter components of the mixture from heavier components by the wind. These separation techniques are commonly used by farmers to separate lighter husk particles from the heavier seeds.The lighter particles are carried away by the wind. The heavier seeds form a heap near the platform of winnowing. We can use either natural wind or blow air while winnowing. 

                      

Threshing: The process that is used to separate grain from stalks is threshing. 

             

Decantation: It is the transfer of clean liquid from one vessel to other vessel without disturbing the settled (sedimented) particles. 

                 

Loading: It is the process of faster sedimentation by suspending alum to a liquid. 

Filtration: Filtration is used to separate solid particles from liquid by passing the mixture through a filter paper. Filtration is the process of separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter. The liquid which has passed through the filter is called filtrate. The filter may be paper, cloth, cotton-wool, asbestos, slag or glass wool, unglazed earthenware, sand, or any other porous material. 

                    

Evaporation: It is the process of removing water (or moisture) from a mixture either by heating on flame or direct sunlight. For example : salt from sea water is obtained by this method. 

              

Condensation: The process of conversion of water vapour into its liquid form is called condensation.The process of pouring out a clear liquid from a vessel (after sedimentation) without disturbing the sediments (heavy insoluble settled particles) is called decantation.

The above method has two disadvantages.

(a) It cannot be used for the miscible liquids that dissolve in one another. For example, petrol mixed in kerosene oil or salt or sugar solution in water.

(b) During the process of decantation, a small quantity still remains unseparated thus it gets wasted.  

                 

Churning (or centrifugation): It is the process of separation of the lighter particles of a suspended solid from a liquid. For example : to obtain butter from the curd or milk. 

Crystallisation: The process of crystallization is used for obtaining pure crystallive substance from impure sample. 

                         

Sedimentation: It is the process of settling of heavy solid particles in a mixture at the bottom of the vessel. This process is based on the densities of different components of a mixture. The process of setting down of heavy insoluble particles in a mixture of water and insoluble substances is called sedimentation. 

         

Coagulation or Loading

Coagulation is the process of improving the settling property of solids by addition of specific chemicals. When solid particles present in a mixture are not heavy enough to settle easily, some chemicals can be added to the mixture to enable the solids to settle. For example, when alum is added to dirty water, it attaches itself to the dirt particles and makes several dirt particles stick to each other. This makes them heavier and helps them to settle down. Alum is said to be a coagulating agent.

    

Distillation

Distillation is a process of separating the component of substances from a liquid mixture by selecting evaporation and condensation. 

Saturated Solutions: A solution in which no more substance can be dissolved at a given temperature is called a saturated solution. Characteristics of a Solution:

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

• The particles of solute in a solution cannot be seen by naked eye.

• A solution is stable.

• The solute from a solution cannot be separated by filtration (or mechanically).

Solute: A substance dissolved in another substance, water (or any other solvent) is called solute.                    

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NANDITHA AKUNIRI