Saturday, January 16, 2016

BUSY MONTH -(TEXT)




It is 3 o’clock in the afternoon. There are no clouds in the sky. The sun is burning hot.
The sparrows, doves and sunbirds have started working in pairs as they prepare to make their nests.
Some of the birds have already made their nests. In some of the nests, the eggs have hatched. The parent birds are busy feeding the chicks with different kinds of insects and other things. 
 In our courtyard also, there is a baby dove. There is another egg in the nest but it has not hatched yet.
On the way to Gopalbhai’s house, there are many stones along the roadside. In the space between these stones, an Indian Robin has laid its eggs.
Bachubhai showed it to me. I looked through the binoculars. I saw that the nest was made of grass. On top there were soft twigs, roots, wool, hair and cottonwool. This is how the robin makes its nest.
What a soft and cozy home for its chicks! The robin is not like the crow. A crow’s nest is made of all kinds of things – even pieces of wire and wood.
I saw a baby bird in the robin’s nest. t was sitting with its beak wide open.The mouth was red from inside. In a little while the robin flew to the nest and put something in the chick’s open beak – may be a few small insects. By then it was evening. The robin settled down with its chick.
You know that the Koel sings sweetly. Do you know that this bird does not make its own nest? It lays its eggs in a crow’s nest. The crow hatches them along with its own eggs.
There is a small tree nearby. It has a nest hanging from its branch. Birds are so wonderfully different.
The crow builds its nest high up on a tree.
The dove makes its nest among the thorns of a cactus plant or a mehendi hedge.
 The sparrow can be found in and around our own house. It makes its nest anywhere – on top of a cupboard, behind a mirror, on a ledge.
Pigeons also make their nest like this. Often they make nests in old or deserted buildings.
The barbet or coppersmith bird can be heard in the summer with its ‘tuk, tuk, tuk’ call. It makes its nest in a hole, in a tree trunk.  And the tailor bird uses its sharp beak to stitch together two leaves on a bush. It lays its eggs in the fold of the leaf that it has made. This is its nest. The sunbird makes a nest that hangs from the branch of a small tree or a bush.
The same evening, we saw a sunbird’s nest. Can you guess what its nest is made of ? The nest has hair, grass, thin twigs, dry leaves, cotton wool, bits of tree bark, pieces of cloth rags and even spider’s cobwebs.
When I looked through the binoculars, I could see a chick in the nest. It was sitting near the small opening in the nest. It was waiting for its mother to bring some food. What else can it do  just eat and sleep!
Do you know about the weaver bird? The male weaver bird make beautifully woven nests. The female looks at all the nests and chooses
the one that she likes the best and decides in which to lay her eggs.
All the birds are so busy these days. Making a nest and laying the eggs is only the first step. 
It is a difficult task to raise the young ones in the nest which had been made with so much effort.
Birds have many enemies- humans and other animals too. Crows and squirrels, cats and rats- all of them wait for a chance to steal the eggs. Many times they even break the nest.
To keep oneself safe from danger, to find food, make a nest, hatch the eggs and raise the chicks safely-all these are tests for every bird. 
And see  how the birds still sing with joy and spread their wings and fly freely.


FROM MARKET TO HOME-(TEXT)



My name is Vaishali. My father is a vegetable-seller. My whole family Amma, Bhaiya, Chhotu and I, help him with his work. Can you guess at what time we begin our work? At 3 o’clock in the morning.
When most people are fast asleep, we start our work. Our day’s work begins when Babuji, Amma, Bhaiya and I take out the previous day’s vegetables from the gunny bags and baskets. This is to prepare for bringing the fresh vegetables from the mandi.
Sometimes Chhotu also helps us. As we finish doing this and are having some tea, we hear the horn of the tempo. It is time for Babuji , Bhaiya , Chachu (uncle) and some others from our street to leave for the mandi.

Preparing for the Day
While Babuji is a way, Amma, Chhotu and I put the previous day’s vegetables on gunny bags, and sprinkle some water on them. By 6.30 a.m. Babuji is back from the mandi with baskets and sacks full of fresh
At that time our house looks more like a small vegetable market! There are brinjals, potatoes, tomatoes, okra (Bhindi), pumpkin, gourds, chillies and many other vegetables all around.
Everybody helps in sorting the vegetables. The vegetables which are not fully ripe and ready to sell are kept aside. We have to sort the vegetables fast, so as to reach thebazaar as early as possible.
By 7 o’clock, Babuji arranges all the vegetables on the handcart and leaves for the bazaar. He says that if he is late, then his regular buyers may buy
their vegetables from someone else. As soon as Babuji leaves, I quickly get ready as I have to reach school by 7.30 a.m.

 In the Bazaar
Chhotu attends school in the afternoon. He rests for a while and goes to the bazaar later with food for Babuji and Bhaiya. He stays with them at the vegetable cart, until it is time for him to go to school.
Sometimes he goes back after school to help Babuji. Babuji tries to see that the previous day’s vegetables are sold first.
As the previous day’s vegetables get sold, Bhaiya takes out fresh vegetables from the sacks and puts them in the cart. He also keeps sprinkling water on the vegetables so that they do not dry up, especially in summers.
Babuji and Bhaiya return home, after a long day, only around 10 o’clock at night. By then Chhotu and I are asleep. Everyone else sleeps around 11 or 11.30 at night. And at 3 o’clock next morning – only four hours later – our family is up again. Another day has begun!




BASVA'S FARM-(TEXT)



I am Basva. My father is a farmer. We live in Belvanika village in Karnataka. It is the month of July.
 Like every year, Appa, my father, is preparing the field to sow the onion crop. There are so many things to be done at this time. To help him I too go to the field with Appa.
In the last few days, Appa has been using the Khunti (an iron rod) to dig the soil, loosen it and make it soft.
This lesson talks about the process of cultivating an onion crop. You can use this as an example to encourage children to find out and describe the process for growing some crops that are common in their area.
Sowing the Seeds
This year also my father will sow onion seeds in the field. The bullocks will pull the Kurige and Appa will walk behind them, sprinkling the seeds.
I would also like to do this, just like my Appa. But Appa says that it is necessary to drop the right amount of seeds at a regular distance.This is not so easy to do. He says that I may drop too many seeds at one place. I must wait till I am a little older to be able to do this properly.
The Sprouts Appear It is now twenty days since the seeds were sown. The onion plants have started to sprout. Along with onion plants, weeds have also come up. Weeds grow in fields and gardens, without being planted.
Appa says that we must remove the weeds so that they do not take up all the water and fertilisers. If there are too many weeds, then the onion plants will not be healthy. Amma, Uncle and I, we all help Appa to take out the weeds.
Growing Plants
I am happy to see the plants growing. They are tall enough to reach my knees. The leaves have started turning yellow and drying up. This means that the onions are ready to be taken out. I may not go to school for the next few days since I will also need to help.
Do you know why?
Everyone at home will have to work to take the onions out. It is important that this should be done at the right time. If we are late, the onions will rot in the ground itself and all our hard work will be wasted.
Everyone at home is happy. This time the onions are big and healthy. Amma and aunty use the illige to cut the dried leaves from the top of the onions. The illige is sharp and you have to be careful not to cut your fingers.
Appa and Uncle fill the sacks with onions. Appa will take them in a truck to sell in the big market.
Cultivation of Onion 
The onion is one of the most important commercial vegetable crops grown in India: The demand for onion is worldwide. It is used both in raw and mature bulb stage as vegetable and spices.

The bulb of onion consists of swollen bases of green foliage leaves and fleshy scales. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, A.P., Bihar and Punjab are the important onion producing states.
Soil and its Preparation:
Onion can be grown on various soils. But sandy loam, silly loam and deep friable soils are best suited for onion crop. The land is prepared by giving 5-6 ploughings.
Seed rate & Time of Sowing:
In onion 10 to 12 kg seeds require/ha. For kharif it is sown in June & for rabi sown in October-November.
Manures & Fertilizers:
25 to 30 cart loads of well rotten FYM or compost applied at the time soil preparation per hectare.

Harvesting, Curing, Yield and Storage:
Follow harvesting of onion bulbs at right stage of maturity. It is important in deciding storage life of onion as bulbs may be stored for about six months.
The onion bulbs, reach maturity when the plants cease to produce new leaves and roots. In onion, neck fall is the indication of maturity. 
Time of harvesting depends on several factors tike planting season, cultivar, market price and condition of the crop.
In general, when about 50 percent neck fall is seen crop is harvested. Onion for storage should be fully developed.Thick-neck bulbs which result due to premature harvesting do not store well.
Late harvesting leads to increased respiration, subsequent susceptibility to diseases and excessive sprouting during prolonged storage and left in field sunburn is also noticed. 
Bulbs are harvested by hand pulling if soil is light; they are also harvested by hand implements.