DEFICIENCY DISEASE-ACTIVITY

FOOD-WHERE IT COMES FROM-TEXT

FOOD-WHERE IT COMES FROM

CLASS-VI

CBSE

In this is we going to learn about food variety, food materials and sources, plant parts and animal products as food, what do animals eat?

FOOD VARIETY

What did you eat at home today? Find out what your friend ate today. Did you eat the same kind of food yesterday and today? We all eat different kinds of food at different times, isn’t it?

Food  a fact of life. We all need to eat and drink everyday. To grow, to energy, to be healthy. We need a range of different types of food.

Food we eat- fruits, vegetables, cereals, pluses, nuts, healthy food and junck food. They provide us a lot of carbohydrates, proteins and vitamin.

Fruit is a part of plant which contain seed. fruits are liked and eaten by many people. Fruit helps to stay strong and healthy. They gives us lot of vitamin.

Cereals are rich in nutrients. they  grown from grass type of plants. They are high carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals.We make idli, dosa, rotis and bread.

Pluses are rich in nutrients. They are grown in climber type plants. They are rich in proteins.We make dal, sambar, curry with them.They help us to grow strong.ex:bean, black grams etc.

Nuts are fruits with hard cover shell. sometimes dried seeds are also called nuts. Nuts give us a lot of energy. They are a healthy snack. ex; almonds, chesews.

Think about rice cooked at home. We take raw rice and boil it in water. Just two materials or ingredients are needed to prepare a dish of boiled rice.

On the other hand, some food items are made with many ingredients. To prepare vegetable curry, we need different kinds of vegetables, salt, spices, oil and so on.

Healthy eating means eating a variety of foods that give you the nutrients you need to maintain your health, feel good, and have energy. These nutrients include portein, carbohydrates, fat, water, vitamins, and mineral.

FOOD MATERIALS AND SOURCES

It may be easy for us to guess the sources of some of the ingredients that we listed in Fruits and vegetables, for instance. Where do they come from? Plants, of course! What are the sources of rice or wheat? You may have seen paddy or wheat fields with rows and rows of plants, which give us these grains.

A plant or a part of a plant is used for food is called as fruits and vegetables.

Junk food always consists of extra fats and calories. It is very hard to digest it containing high levels of calories from sugar or fat with little protein, vitamins or minerals.

We need lots of different foods to eat. We eat bread puris, idllis egg and milk in the morning breakfast. We take rice, dal, curry, curd in lunch time. We take chapattis, fruits and vegetables salads a very light food in dinner time.

And we get food items from some animals like milk, eggs, meat, chicken, fish, prawns, beef, pork and such others, which come from animals.

All living thing need food to grow, to energy, to healthy. Eating fruit and vegetables can help protect against some diseases including diabetes. 

PLANT PARTS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS AS FOOD

 Plants are one source of our food. Plants store food material in different parts such as roots stems, branches, leaves, flowers fruits, seeds etc. We eat many leafy vegetables. We eat fruits of some plants. Sometimes roots, sometimes stems and even flowers.

Roots of some plants produces vegetables like carrot, raddish, beetroot, etc.

some vegetables such as sugarcane, potato, onion, ginger are the food made by the plant is stored in stem.

 In some plants such as cabbage, spinach and garden leaves the food is stored in leaves.

Some fruits are fleshy and juicy to eat. We get fruits such as mangoes, grapes, banana are the food made by the plant stored in fruits.

Some plants have two or more edible (eatable) parts. Seeds of mustard plants give us oil and the leaves are used as a vegetable.

Can you think of the different parts of a banana plant that are used as food? Think of more examples where many parts of a single plant are used as food.

Bees collect nectar (sweet juices) from flowers, convert it into honey and store it in their hive.

Flowers and their nectar may be available only for a part of the year. So,

bees store this nectar for their use all through the year. When we find such a beehive, we collect the food stored by the bees as honey.

WHAT DO ANIMALS EAT?

Human beings depend on plants and animals for their food and other needs and so are animals on plants. We depend on non-living things also. Air, water and soil are the non-living . living things depend on non-living things for their existence.

Animals directly are indirectly depend in plants for their food. animals depends on plants for food, oxygen and shelther.

Children have you seen some animals eating only plants. These animals are called herbivores. Herbivores  such as cow,dogs camels, and deer eat grass.

 Herbivores have sharp and broad front teeth to bite the grass. Their  back teeth are flat this help to chew food.

Some animals eat only flesh of other animals. These animals are called carnivores. Carnivores such as lion, tiger, wolf and dear are eat flesh of other animals.Carnivores have sharp pointed front teeth. Their back teeth are flat this help to chew food.

 Some animals eat both plants and vegetables. These animals are called omnivores. Omnivores such as human being, bear etc eat both plants and animals.

THANKYOU,

NANDITHAAKUNURI 

DIFFUSION-TEXT

DIFFUSION

UPTAKE OF WATER AND SALT BY PLANTS

BIOLOGY

You have learnt earlier that plants survive if water, minerals ans others nutrients are provided to them. In this lesson, we will learn how these substances enter the plant cell. To understand this we have to understand the terms diffusion and ‘osmosis’ and the processes associated with them.

Diffusion
We will do a simple experiment to understand the process of diffusion. Take a beaker full of water and carefully add two or three crystals of copper sulphate or potassium permanganate.

When the crystals settle down on the bottom of beaker, leave it on the table and do not distrub this and Watch it from time to time and record the changes in the colour of water.

The crystals starts dissolving in water. The water around the crystals will appear dark in colour. As time progress, all the wter in the beaker becomes coloured- initially pale in colour and slowly all the water in the beaker becomes uniformly coloured.

Let us now understand the changes that have taken place.
When the permanganate crystal settles at the bottom of the beaker, a small amount of water comes in contact with the surface of crystal. This water dissolves permanganate and results in the formation of a concentrated solution of the salt at the point. 

This is the reason for the appearance of small dark coloured spot at the bottom of the beaker in the intial stages.

From this spot, the molecules of permanganate move away and get dispered all over the water in the beaker. As this goes on, rest of the water becomes coloured.

As the concentration of dissolved permanganate increase, the colour of water also becomes darker. Finally, after along time, all the molecules of permanganate are uniformly distrusted in the water and water in the beaker becomes uniformly coloured.

From this experiment we cleared that:
1. All the molecules in a solution are in a state of       continuous motion.
2. They move randomly in all the directions.
3. Molecules move from higher concentration to         lower concentration.
4. this movement from higher to lower                  

    concentration occurs till the concentration    

    becomes equal at both the points..

The process of movement of molecules or ions from appoint of high concentration to a point of low concentration till the concentration at both the points become equal is called diffusion.

We have not supplied and additional energy for the movement of the molecules. The energy required for the movement of molecules comes from the kinetic energy of the molecules its self. The process of diffusion occurs nor only in water but also in air.

The process of diffusion occurs not only in water but also in air. This is commonly amounts in the bottle is opened- molecules responsible for perfume are in the air amounts in the bottle while there are no perfume molecules in the air surrounding the bottle. Hence , perfume molecules diffuse through air to all the areas in the room.

Diffusion is physical process and no external energy is required for the movement of molecule by diffusion.

THANKYOU,
NANDITHA AKUNURI

http://www.sonuacademy.in/2016/03/diffusion-text.html

MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS-TEXT

MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS

BIOLOGY

CBSE-VII

In Class VI you learnt that food is essential for all living organisms.

You also learnt that carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are components of food. These components of food are necessary for our body and are called nutrients.

All living organisms require food. Plants can make their food themselves but animals including humans cannot. They get it from plants or animals that eat plants. Thus, humans and animals are directly or indirectly dependent on plants.

MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS:
Plants are the only organisms that can prepare food for themselves by using water, carbon dioxide and minerals. The raw materials are present in their surroundings.

Living organisms to build their bodies, to grow, to repair damaged parts of their bodies and provide the energy to carry out life processes.

Nutrition is the mode of taking food by an organism and its utilisation by the body. The mode of nutrition in which organisms make food themselves from simple substances is called autotrophic (auto = self; trophos = nourishment) nutrition.

Therefore, plants are called autotrophs. Animals and most other organisms take in ready made food prepared by the plants. They are called heterotrophs (heteros = other).

Boojho wants to know how plants prepare their own food. Now we may ask where the food factories of plants are located: whether food is made in all parts of a plant or only in certain parts? How do plants obtain the raw materials from the surroundings? How do they transport them to the food factories of the plants?

THANKYOU,
NANDITHA AKUNURI

PHOTOSYNTHESIS-TEXT

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

BIOLOGY

CBSE-VII

Leaves are the food factories of plants. The synthesis of food in plants occurs in leaves. Therefore, all the raw materials must reach there.

Water and minerals present in the soil are absorbed by the roots and transported to the Paheli wants to know why our body cannot make food from carbon dioxide, water and minerals like plants do.

CELLS:
You have seen that buildings are made of bricks. Similarly, the bodies of living organisms are made of tiny units called cells. Cells can be seen

only under the microscope. Some organisms are made of only one cell. The cell is enclosed by a thin outer boundary, called the cell membrane.

Most cells have a distinct, centrally located spherical structure called the nucleus (Fig. 1.1).

The nucleus is surrounded by a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm. leaves. Carbon dioxide from air is taken in through the tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves. These pores are surrounded by ‘guard cells’. Such pores are called stomata.

Water and minerals are transported to the leaves by the vessels which run like pipes throughout the root, the stem, the branches and the leaves. They form a continuous path or passage for the nutrients to reach the leaf.

You will learn about transport of materials in plantsThe leaves have a green pigment called chlorophyll. It helps leaves to capture the energy of the sunlight. This energy is used to synthesise (prepare) food from carbon dioxide and water.

Since the synthesis of food occurs in the presence of sunlight, it is called

photosynthesis (Photo: light; synthesis : to combine). So we find that chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are necessary to carry out the process of photosynthesis. It is a unique process on the earth.

The solar energy is captured by the leaves and stored in the plant in the form of food. Thus, sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.

Can you imagine life on earth in the absence of photosynthesis!

In the absence of photosynthesis there would not be any food. The survival of almost all living organisms directly or indirectly depends upon the food made by the plants.

Besides, oxygen which is essential for the survival.Besides leaves, photosynthesis also takes place in other green parts of the Plant- in green stems and green branches. The desert plants have scale- or spine-like leaves to reduce loss of water by transpiration. 

These plants have green stems which carry out photosynthesis of all living organisms is produced during photosynthesis. In the absence of photosynthesis, life would be impossible on the earth.

During photosynthesis, chlorophyll containing cells of leaves in the presence of sunlight, use carbon dioxide and water to synthesise

carbohydrates. 

The process can be represented as an equation: during the process oxygen is released. The carbohydrates ultimately get converted into starch. 

The presence of starch in leaves indicates the occurrence of photosynthesis. The starch is also a carbohydrate. Synthesis of plant food other than carbohydrates.

You have just learnt that plants synthesise carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis. The carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 

These are used to synthesise other components of food such as proteins and fats. But proteins are nitrogenous substances which contain nitrogen. From where do the plants obtain nitrogen?

Recall that nitrogen is present in abundance in gaseous form in the air.

However, plants cannot absorb nitrogen in this form. Soil has certain bacteria that convert gaseous nitrogen into a usable form and release it into the soil.

These soluble forms are absorbed by the plants along with water. Also, you might have seen farmers adding fertilisers rich in nitrogen to the soil. 

In this way the plants fulfil their requirements of nitrogen along with the other constituents. Plants can then synthesise components of food other than carbohydrates such as proteins and fats.

THANKYOU,
NANDITHA AKUNURI

WALLS TELL STORIES-TEXT

WALLS TELL STORIES

ENVIRONMENTALSTUDIES

CBSE-V

Golconda (sometimes spelled as Golkonda) Fort was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Golconda which flourished in the 14th to 16th century. It is situated 11 kilometers from Hyderabad, the capital of the state of Telangana.

The walls ranging from 17 to 34 feet broken by 87 semi-circular bastions in shape, some reaching 60 feet in height, and built on a granite hill that is 400 feet high and it remains one of India’s most magnificent fortress complexes.

Even before the kingdom of Golconda rose in prominence, the beginning of the fort was thought to be in 1143, when the Kakatiya Dynasty ruled the region.

According to legend, a shepherd boy found an idol in the area. When this was reported to the Kakatiyan king, he ordered a mud fort to be built around it. The fort eventually became known as Golla Konda, which in Tegulu meant Shepherd’s Hill.

In 1686, the Mughal prince Aurangzeb started to lay siege on the fort of Golconda, with the intent of claiming Hydebarad, the wealthy capital of the Qutub Shahi dynasty.

The fortress proved to be as impregnable as its reputation claimed. It wasn’t until the year after, in 1687, when Aurangzeb finally managed to breach the fort after a nine-month long siege. It was said that the fort only fell down because of a traitor who sabotaged the gate.

Today, even after almost 800 years, the fort still stands as one of Hyderabad’s greatest architectural wonders. One of it’s gratest engineering marvels is the fantastic acoustic effects: one handclap at a certain point below the entrance dome can be heard at the highest point of the pavilion almost a kilometer away. This was said to be used for warning the royals in case of an attack.

Reached Golconda
At last we reached Golconda. We were glad that didi was with us. Didi studies history and we enjoy visiting different places with her.

Shailja: My goodness! This fort is so huge.
Shreedhar: And see at what a height it is built!
Kalyani: Just look! Have you ever seen such a huge gate?
Shailja: It must be very heavy. I wonder how many people would be needed to open and close this gate.
Kalyani : Look at these sharp ironSpokes. I wonder why they were made?
Shailja: Look at these thick walls too.
Shreedhar: I have never seen such thick walls.
Kalyani: At some places, a part of the wall comes out in a round shape. I wonder why?
Didi:These are called bastions (burj).

See these are even higher than the wall. The outer wall of this fort has 87 bastions. Thick walls, a huge gate and so many bastions! So many ways to ensure security

What did we find inside the fort?
Shailja: I wonder how old this fort would be? Do you think the
king built the fort so that he could live here?
Kalyani : It was written outside that Qutubshahi Sultans ruled here one after another, from 1518-1687.
Didi : Much before that, in 1200, this fort was made of mud and different rulers lived here.

Shailja: Oh look! This board has a map of the fort.
Shreedhar: This map shows so many gardens, fields and factories. See, there are many palaces also inside the fort.
Shailja: That means that not only the Sultan, but many other people like farmers and workers must also have been living here.
Kalyani: It must have been a complete town.

The Sultan’s Palace
Shreedhar: These steps seem to go on and on. Shailja: Even in those days they used to have buildings with two floors!
Kalyani: Now, the building is in ruins. But one can imagine that earlier there were many big halls and rooms here.
Shreedhar: Look at this beautiful carving on the walls. It is so fine
Kalyani : We also saw something like a fountain on one of the roofs.
Didi : Yes, there were many big tanks and fountains here. They used to be full of water.

Wow, what engineering!
Think, even today when engineers design houses, sometimes there is dampness in the walls. And here, so long ago, there were fountains on the terrace!

The building must have been made with such good understanding. If we think how the people lived five hundred years ago, so many questions come to our mind. For example, how was water lifted to such heights? Can you guess how?

Why these attacks?
While we were all talking, Shreedhar called us to see a big gun (cannon). We ran up the steps.

Shailja: This must have been the Sultan's big gun.
Didi : This was used by Aurangzeb. His full army came with their guns and cannons to attack but they could not even enter the fort. For eight months they camped outside the fort.
Shailja: Why would the army come here all the way from Delhi?

Didi: In those days, emperors and kings, played such tricks. They tried to make smaller kingdoms a part of their own kingdom. This was done sometimes by friendship, sometimes by flattery, or even by marriage between families. And when nothing else worked, they also attacked them!

Kalyani: Why is it that Aurangzeb’s army could not get into the fort? He had so many soldiers and big guns.

Shailja: Didn’t you see these strong thick walls? In the map there is a long deep ditch (pit) along the wall. How could the army enter?

Shreedhar: If the army tried to come from a different side, then the soldiers in the bastions would have seen it from a distance. No wonder it was difficult to attack the fort!

Kalyani: Imagine! The army is coming on horses and elephants, with all their guns. Here, the Sultan's army stands fully prepared.

Shailja: Oh no! How many people and soldiers on both the sides must have been killed in all this fighting? Why do people attack and have wars?

Shreedhar: Guns and cannons are things of the past now. These days many countries have nuclear bombs. A single bomb can cause so much destruction!

When there was no telephone:
Didi asked us to wait at the king's palace. She herself went to Fateh Darwaza. A while later we heard Didi’s voice, “Alert! I am Sultan Abul Hassan. I am very fond of music and Kuchipudi dance.” We all laughed. We were surprised how didi’s voice could be heard from so far. She later told us that if you stand at Fateh Darwaza whatever you speak can be heard at the king’s palace.

Arrangements for water:
The picture shown here is made after seeing a very old painting of
those times. Can you think why bullocks have been used here? Use your hand movement to show in which direction the drum attached
to the rod moves when the bullocks move. In which direction would the ‘toothed wheel’ move?

Look, this pole shown under the ground joins with another
wheel which has a number of pots on it.
Now imagine, how would this garland of pots lift water from the well?

Do you now get some idea about how the tanks could have been filled by lifting water from the wells? Even today we can see clay pipes in the walls of the fort. These pipes would have been used to carry water to different places in the palace.

What a sad sight!
Talking, whistling and listening to our own echo we were walking
through this mehrab (arch).

Shreedhar: Oh! The breeze feels so cool in this tunnel.
Shailja: It was written that soldiers stayed here.
Shreedhar: See this board, but look what the wall is like!
Shailja: Oh! Think how this wall has seen thousands of years go by. It has seen kings and queens, horses and elephants, war and peace... But we have spoilt it in just a few years.
Kalyani: I don’t understand, what kind of fun do people get in writing their names all over the place like this?

Close your eyes and go back in time!
Imagine that you are in those days when there was a busy town inside Golconda. Think about the questions given below and discuss in class. You could even put up a play.

What is the Sultan doing in the palace? What kind of clothes is he wearing? What dishes are being offered to him? But why does he seem so worried? And in what language is he talking?

Going to the museum:
After seeing Golconda, the children also went to a museum in Hyderabad. Many old items are kept there. Many things were found when the place around Golconda was dug – like pots, jewellery, swords, etc.

Shailja: Oh! Why are these broken pieces of pots kept in the almirah? See that small plate made of bronze. That blue piece seems to be made of ceramic (clay).

Didi : It is through all these things that we come to know how people of those times lived, what they used and what things they made. If all these would not have been kept here, how would you know so much about those times?

Make your own museum:
Rajni teaches in a Government school in Mallapuram district in Kerala. Together with the children of her class, she has collected many old things from all the houses. Like old walking sticks, locks, umbrellas, wooden slippers (khadaun), pots, etc. 

They also saw what these things look like today. Rajni and the children put up an exhibition, which people from the neighbourhood came to see. You could also do this.

THANKYOU,
NANDITHA AKUNURI